Application of multivariate statistical methods to discriminate metal sources in sediments of the Zarivar Lake, Kurdistan Provine, W of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The Zarivar Lake, located in Kurdistan Province, is considered an important fresh water reservoir in the west of Iran. Recently, there has been an increasing risk of sediment and water pollution especially with heavy metals due to extended human activities in and around the lake. In this research, source of the metals Cu, Cr, V, Ni, Ni, Ti, Co, Sc, Zr, Li, Ca, Sr and Mg, present in the Zarivar Lake bed sediments, was determined using univariate (correlation matrix) and multivariate (Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA)) statistical analyses. Thirty one samples were collected using a Grab Sampler. Based on CA results, the lake was divided into two northern and southern parts. Metals in the northern part were originated from a geological source. In the southern part, the mentioned metals had also a geogenic source except for Pb. Cluster analysis and PCA revealed an anthropogenic source for Pb in the southern part of the Zarivar Lake.

Keywords


[1]   ابراهیم­پور، ص.، محمدزاده، ح.، و محمدی، ا (1390) بررسی کیفیت آب دریاچه­ی تالابی زریوار و پهنه­بندی آن با استفاده از شاخص­های کیفی (OWQI) و(NSFWQI)  و استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی. چهارمین کنفرانس مدیریت منابع آب،دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر.
[2]   ابراهـیم­پور، ص.، و محمدزاده، ح (1391) کاربـرد ایزوتوپ­های پایدار و هیدروژئوشیمی به منظور بررسی منشأ و تغییرات کیفی منابع آب حوضه آبریز دریاچه زریوار. نشریه آب و خاک، 26 (4): 1031-1018.
[3]   احمدیان شالچی، ن (1389) چشم­اندازهای جغرافیایی ایران. مشهد، بنیاد پژوهش­های اسلامی، 43 صفحه.
[4]   رانین، ا (1388) پترولوژی سنگ­های پلوتونیک و دگرگونی منطقه مریوان. پایان­نامه کارشناسی­ارشد. دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، گروه زمین­شناسی.
[5]   رانین، ا.، سپاهی­گرو، ع.، معین­وزیری، ح.، و آلیانی، ف (1389) پترولوژی و ژئوشیمی مجموعه­های پلوتونیک منطقه­ی مریوان در زون سنندج-سیرجان. پترولوژی، 2: 59-43.
[6]   رفیعی، ب.، حسین­پناهی، ف.، شکیبا آزاد، ع.، و صادقی­فر، م (1393) بررسی پراکندگی و منشإ فلزات سنگین (Ni, Co, Mn, Ti, V) در رسوبات بستر دریاچه زریوار. رسوب­شناسی کاربردی، 3: 1-11.
[7]   مهندسین مشاور آساراب (1387) مطالعات لیمنولوژیکی و حفظ تعادل اکولوژیک دریاچه زریوار – مریوان، استانداری کردستان.
[8]  Boruvka, L., Vacek, O., Jehlicka, J (2005) Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soils. Geoderma, 128: 289–300.
[9]  Casado-Martinez, M.C., Forja, J.M., DelValls, T.A (2009) A multivariate assessment of sediment contamination in dredged materials from Spanish ports. Journal of Hazardous Material, 163: 1353–1359.
[10]   Chung, C.Y., Chen, J.J., Lee, C.G., Chiu, C.Y., Lai, W.L., Liao, S.W (2011) Integrated estuary management for diffused sediment pollution in Dapeng Bay and neighboring rivers (Taiwan). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173: 499–517.
[11]   Everitt, B.S (1993) Cluster analysis. Heineman. Academic Press, London, 170 p.
[12]   Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., Mallen, L (2001) Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution, 114: 313–324.
[13]   Filgueiras, A.V., Lavilla, I., Bendicho, C (2004) Evaluation of distribution, mobility and binding behaviour of heavy metals in surficial sediments of Louro River (Galicia, Spain) using chemometric analysis: a case study. Science of the Total Environment, 330: 115–129.
[14]   Gleyzes, C., Tellier, S., Astruc, M (2002) Fractionation studies of trace elements in contaminated soils and sediments: a review of sequential extraction procedures. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 21(6): 451-467.
[15]   Jolliffe, I.T (1986) Principal component analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, 246 p.
[16]   Lu, X.W., Wang, L.J., Li, L.Y., Lei, K., Huang, L., Kang, D (2010) Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173: 744–749.
[17]   Oyewale, A.O., Funtua, I.I (2003) Copper and Zinc levels in soils along Kaduna-Zaria Highway, Nigeria – Estimation of pollution level. Scientia, 2(1), 26-32.
[18]   Qu, W.C., Kelderman, P (2001) Heavy metal contents in the Delft canal sediments and suspended solids of the River Rhine: multivariate analysis for source tracing. Chemosphere, 45: 919–925.
[19]   Simpson, S.L., Batley, G.E., Chariton, A.A., Stauber, J.L., King, C.K., Chapman, J.C., Hyne, R.V., Gale, S.A, Roach, A.C., Maher, W.A (2005) Handbook for Sediment Quality Assessment. CSIRO, Bangor, NSW, 117 p.
[20]   Stocklin, J (1968) Structural history and tectonics in Iran, a review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52(7): 1229-1258. 
[21]   Sun, Y.B., Zhou, Q.X., Xie, X.K., Liu, R (2010) Spatial sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, China [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174: 455−462.
[22]   Tahri, M., Benyaich, F., Bounakhla, M., Bilal, E., Gruffat, J.J., Moutte, J., Garcia, D (2005) Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contents in soils, sediments and water in the region of Meknes (central Morocco). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 102: 405–417.
[23]   Tang, W., Zhao, y., Wang, C., Shan, B., Cui, J (2013) Heavy metal contamination of overlying waters and bed sediments of Haihe Basin in China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 98: 317–323.
[24]   Tariq, S.R., Shah, M.H., Shaheen, N., Khalique, A., Mansooor, S., Jaffar, M (2006) Multivariate analysis of trace metal levels in tannery effluents in relation to soil and water: a case study from Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Management, 79: 20–29.
[25]   Tokaliŏglu, S., Kartal, S (2006) Multivariate analysis of the data and speciation of heavy metals in street dust samples from the Organized Industrial District in Kayseri (Turkey). Atmospheric Environment, 40 : 2797–2805.
[26]   Upadhyay, A.K., Gupta, K.K., Sircar, J.K., Deb, M.K., Mundhara, G.I (2006) Heavy metals in freshly deposited sediments of the river Subernarekha, India: an example of lithogenic and anthropogenic effects. Environmental Geology 50:397–403.
[27]   van Zeist W., Wright H.E (1963) Preliminary pollen studies at Lake Zeribar, Zagros Mountaines, southwestern Iran. Science, 140: 65-67.
[28]   Wang, X.S., Qin, Y., Sang, S.X (2005) Accumulation and sources of heavy metals in urban topsoils: a case study from the city of Xuzhou, China. Environmental Geology, 48:101–107.
[29]   Yu, K.C., Chang, C.Y., Tsai, L.J., Ho, S.T (2000) Multivariate analyses on heavy metal binding fractions of river sediments in Southern Taiwan. Water Science and Technology, 42:193–199.
[30]   Zhu, H.N., Yuan, X.Z., Zeng, G.M., Jiang, M., Liang, M., Liang, J., Zhang, C., Yin, J., Huang, H.J., Liu, Z.F., Jiang, H.W (2012) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port based on modified potential ecological risk index. Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 22: 1470−1477.