Lithostratigraphy, petrography and trace elements geochemistary of the middle part sandsonte of the Upper Red Formation in the Hamzelou region (NW Zanjan)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In this reaserch for the first time, the sandstones of the middle parts of the Upper Red Formation in the Hamzelou region, 70 Km NW of Zanjan, has been studied based on sedimentology and elemental geochemistary. The studied section is 945 m thick and is divided into four parts. These parts from button to top of the formation consist of  alteration of evaporite beds; green-marl with interbedded of the gypsum (300 m); alternation of red-marl with the layers of red and grey-sandstone and micro-conglomerate (with less frequency) (355 m); the alternation of red and green-marl with interbedded of the grey and red-sandstone (150 m); the alternation of green-grey marls with interbedded of the layers of gypsum (140 m). Based on petrographic studies, these sandstones manily contain different types of the rock fragmensts such as sedimentary, metamorphic and minor amount of volcanic, monocrystalline quartz with straight extinction and finally feldspar manily orthoclase types with a less frequency. Carbonate cements and matrix are also visible between the grains. These sandstones represent manily a feldspathic-litharenite and litharenite (mainly chertarenite) composition with submature to mature in terms of textural maturity. The micro-conglomerate layers are similar in composition to sandstones and classified as an extra-formational conglomerate, ortho-conglomerate (less than 15% matrix) and polymictic conglomerate. Based on the main components of the studied sandstone and results of chemical analysis of the trace elements, the tectonic setting of these sandstones is related to collision and recycled orogenic. Also, according to the obtained data in this research, the source rocks of these sandstones are intermediate to felsic igneous rocks, which were influenced by semi-arid climates in the source area.

Keywords


احمدی­قمی، ف.، رفیعی، ب.، صدر، ا. ح (1397) بازنگری سازند قرمز بالایی به سن میوسن در منطقه آوج- آبگرم، غرب ایران. مجله رسوب‌شناسی کاربردی. دوره 6. شماره 12. ص 61-40.
آقانباتی، س. ع  (1383) زمین­شناسی ایران. انتشارات سازمان زمین­شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، تهران، 586 ص.
بیکدلی، ز (1393) کانی­شناسی و ژئوشیمی سنگ میزبان و کانسنگ مس در منطقه­ی چهرآباد، شمال­شرق ماه­نشان. پایان­نامه­ی کارشناسی­ارشد، دانشگاه زنجان، 133 ص.
جمالی­پور، س (1394) کانی­شناسی و ژئوشیمی سنگ میزبان و کانسنگ سرب در منطقه­ی چرلانقوش، شمال­شرق ماه نشان. پایان­نامه­ی کارشناسی­ارشد، دانشگاه زنجان، 150 ص.
حقیقی، آ (1395) کانی­شناسی و ژئوشیمی سنگ میزبان و کانسنگ کانسار سرب و روی اورتاسو، شمال­غرب زنجان. پایان­نامه­ی کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه زنجان، 97 ص.
رحیمی، ر (1395) کانی­شناسی و نحوه­ی تشکیل مس در منطقه­ی قزلجه، زنجان. پایان­نامه­ی کارشناسی­ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، 167 ص.
رضایی، خ.، فروغی شادباد، ش.، اسدی، ا (1394) پتروگرافی و ژئوشیمی ماسه‌سنگ‌های سازند سرخ بالایی در برش منطقه حسن‌آباد (جنوب‌غرب تهران)، نشریه رسوب­شناسی کاربردی، دوره 3، شماره 6، ص 43-56.
سرباز، ن.، محـبوبی، ا.، مـوسوی­حرمی، ر.، خانه­باد، م.، ماهانی­پور، ا (1395) خاستگاه و موقعیت تکتونیکی سازند کشف‌رود در برش ناویا (غرب بجنورد) بر مبنای مطالعات پتروگرافی و ژئو‌شیمی ماسه‌سنگ‌ها، نشریه رسوب­شناسی کاربردی، دوره 4، شماره 8، ص 89-102.
شرفی، م.، موسوی­حرمی، ر.، محبوبی، ا.، جعفرزاده، م (1397) پتروگرافی و ژئوشیمی ماسه­سنگ­های سازند جیرود در البرز مرکزی، کاربرد در تعیین خاسـتگاه و جـایگاه زمین­ساختی، نشریه رسوب­شناسی کاربردی، دوره 6، شماره 12، ص 1-24.
قبادی، م. ح.، رفیعی، ب.، حیدری، م.، موسوی، س.، اسـفندیـاری، م (1393) ژئـوشـیـمی و خـاستـگـاه ماسه­سنگ­های سازند آغاجاری در استان خوزستان، نشریه رسوب­شناسی کاربردی، دوره 2، شماره 3، ص 48-61.
لطفی، م (1380) نقشه­ی زمین­شناسی 1:100000 ماه­نشان. سازمان زمین­شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
موسوی­حرمی، ر (1391) رسوب­شناسی. انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی، 476 ص.
Alavi, M (1991) Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the Paleo-Tethys remnants in northeastern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103: 983-992.
Ballato, P., Cifell, F., Heidarzadeh, G., Ghassemi, M. R., Wickert, A. D., Hassanzadeh, J., Dupont-Nivet, G., Balling, P., Sudo, M., Zeilinger, G., Schmitt, A. K., Mattei, M., Strecker, M. R (2016) Tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the northern Iranian Plateau: insights from middle-late Miocene foreland‐basin deposits. Basin Research, 29 (4): 417-446.
Ballato, P., Nowaczyk, N. R., Landgraf, A., Strecker, M. R., Friedrich, A., Tabatabaei, S. H (2008) Tectonic control on sedimentary facies pattern and sediment accumulation rates in the Miocene foreland basin of the southern Alborz mountains, northern Iran. Tectonics, 27: 1-20
Ballato, P., Uba, C. E., Landgraf, A., Strecker, M. R., Sudo, M., Stockli, D. F., Friedrich, A., Tabatabaei, S. H (2014) ArabiaEurasia continental collision: Insights from late Tertiary foreland-basin evolution in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. Journal of Geological Society of America Bulletin, 123: 106-131.
Bhatia, M. R., Crook, K. A. W (1986) Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92: 181-193.
Bracciali, L., Marroni, M., Pandolfi, L. Rocchi, S (2007) Geochemistry and petrography of Western Tethys Cretaceous sedimentary covers (Corsica and Northern Apennines): From source areas to configuration of margins. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 420: 73-93.
Cavazza, W., Ingersoll, R (2005) Detrital modes of the Ionian forearch basin fill (OligoceneQuaternary) reflect the tectonic evolution of the Calabria-Peloritani terrane (Southern Italy). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 75 (2): 268-279.
Cecil, C. B., Edgar, N. T (2003) Climate controls on stratigraphy. Tulsa, Oklahoma. Special Publications-SEPM, 77: 275 p.
Chamley, H (1990) Sedimentology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 285 p.
Condie, K. C., Boryta, M. D., Liu, J., Qian, X (1992) The origin of Khondalites: Geochemical evidence from the Archean to Early Proterozoic granulite belt in the North China craton. Precambrian Research, 59: 207-223.
Cullers, R. L (1995) The controls on the major and trace element evolution of shales, siltstone and sandstone of Ordovician to Tertiary age in the Wet Mountains region, Colorado, USA. Chemical Geology, 123: 107-131.
Cullers, R. L., Podkovyrov, V. N (2002) The source and origin of terrigenous sedimentary rock in the Mesoproterozoic Ui group, southeastern Russia. Precambrian Research, 117: 157-183.
Das, B. K., AL-Mikhalafi, A. S. Kaur, P (2006) Geochemistry of Mansar Lake sediments, Jammu, India: Implication for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 26: 649-668.
Dickinson, W. R (1985) Interpreting provenance relations from detrial modes of sandstones, provenance of Arenites. Reidel Publishing Company, 407: 333-361.
Dickinson, W. R., Beard, L. S., Brakenridge, G. R., Erjavec, J. L., Ferguson, R. C., Inman, K. F., Knepp, R. A., Lindberg, F. A., Ryberg, P. T (1983) Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94: 222-235.
Dickinson, W. R., Suczek, C (1979) Plate tectonics and sandstone composition. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 63: 2164-2182.
Fedo, C. M., Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M (1995) Unraveling the effects of K-metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 23: 921-924.
Floyd, P. A., Leveridge, B. E (1987) Tectonic environment of the Devonian mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic sandstones. Geological Society of London, 144: 531-542.
Folk, R. L (1980) Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Austin, Texas, Hemphill, 159 p.
Gu, X. X., Liu, J. M., Zheng, M. H., Tang, J. X., Qi, L (2002) Provenance and tectonic setting of the Proterozoic turbidites in Hunan, South China: Geochemical evidence. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72: 393-407.
Hassan, S., Ishiga, H., Roser, B. P., Dozen, K. Naka, T (1999) Geochemistry of PermianTriassic shales in the Salt Range, Pakistan: implications for provenance and tectonism at the Gondwana margin. Chemical Geology, 158: 293-314.
Hessler, A. M. Lowe, D. M (2006) Weathering and sediment generation in the Archean: An integrated study of the evolution of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 151: 185-210.
Mcbride, E. F (1985) Diagenetic processes that affect provenance determinations in sandstone. In: Zuffa, G. G., (Eds.), Provenance of arenites. Reidel Publishing Company, 407: 95-113.Ingersoll, R. V., Bullard, T. F., Ford, R. L., Grimm, J. P., Pickle, J. D., Sares, S. W (1984) The effect of grain size on detrital modes: a test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54: 103-116.
McLennan, S. M., Taylor, S. R., McCulloch, M. T. Maynard, J. B (1990) Geochemical and Nd–Sr isotopic composition of deep-sea turbidites: Crustal evolution and plate tectonic association. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 2015-2050.
North, C. P., Hole, M. J. Jones, D. G (2005) Geochemical correlation in deltaic successions: a reality check. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 117: 620-632.
Rieser, A. B., Neubauer, F., Liu, Y., Ge, X (2005) Sandstone provenance of north-western sectors of the intra-continental Cenozoic Qaidam basin, western China: Tectonic and climate control. Sedimentary Geology, 177: 1-18.
Roser, B. P., Korsch, R. J (1988) Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major-element data. Chemical Geology, 67: 119-139.
Suttner, L. J., Basu, A., Mack, G. H (1981) Climate and the origin of quartz arenites. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 51: 1235-1246.
Suttner, L. J., Dutta, P. K (1986) Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate. I: Framework mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 56: 329-345.
Taylor, S., McLennan, S (1985) The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 p.
Von Eynatten, H (2004) Statistical modelling of compositional trends in sediments. Sedimentary Geology, 171 (1): 79-89.
Weltje, G. J (2006) Ternary sandstone composition and provenance: An evaluation of the Dickinson model. In: Buccianti, A., Mateu-Figueras, G., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., (Eds.), Compositional Data Analysis in the Geosciences: From Theory to Practice. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 264: 79-99.
Whitmore, G. P., Crook, K. A., Johnson, D. P (2004) Grain size control of mineralogy and geochemistry in modern river sediment, New Guinea collision, Papua New Guinea. Sedimentary Geology, 171 (1): 129-157.
Whitney, D. L., Evans, B. W (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95: 185-187.