Sedimentary facies and depositional environment of the Mobarak Formation in the Kahang area, Central Alborz

Sharafi, M.; Mosaddegh, H.; Bayet-Goll, A.; Ahmadi, L.

doi:10.22084/psj.2020.22448.1252

Sedimentary facies and depositional environment of the Mobarak Formation in the Kahang area, Central Alborz

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

10.22084/psj.2020.22448.1252

Abstract

The carbonate- siliciclastic sediments of the Mobarak Formation (Lower Carboniferous) at the Kahang area with 222 m thick, is composed of thick-bedded shale and thin-bedded limestone in the lower part, thin-medium- bedded limestone in the middle part, thick-bedded shale intercalated with limestone in the upper part of sequence and thick, massive conglomerate at the uppermost of the section. Based on petrography, geometry, macrofossil contents and trace fossil evidences (in the fieldwork observations), as well as microfossil and textural characteristics (in the laboratory studies), determination of 15 carbonate and one siliciclastic facies was possible. These facies are deposited in six facies zones include tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and patch reef in the inner ramp, middle ramp, ramp slope and deep ramp. The massive conglomerate facies is deposited in an upper shoreface- onshore setting. Templates facies as slope break related turbidite facies (crinoid packstone), intercalated within deep ramp facies (spiculite mudstone) display this carbonate-siliciclastic sequence is deposited in a carbonate platform of distally steepened ramp. The lateral changes in the facies and thickness of the sedimentary successions of the Mobarak Fm. display a generally deepening trend from south-south western to the N-NE of the Alborz Basin during deposition of the Mobarak Fm. in lower Carboniferous.

Keywords

References

آقابابالو، ب.، خسروتهرانی، خ.، حسینینژاد، م (1393) زیست زونبندی سازند مبارک در برش لبرود (شمالدامغان) بر پایه بازوپایان. فـصلنامه علـومزمـین، شـماره 94، ص 11-18.

آقانباتی، س. ع (1383) زمینشناسی ایران، انتشارات سازمان زمینشناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، 582 ص.

سعیدی، ز (1391) لیتوستراتیگرافی و رخسارههای رسوبی سازند مبارک در برش تیلآباد (البرز شرقی)، پایاننامه کارشناسیارشد، دانشگاه پیامنور تهران، 102ص.

گودرزی، م.، امیریبختیار، ح.، نورایینژاد، م.، عظامپناه، ی (1399) ریزرخسارهها، دیـرینه بومشناسی، اجتماعات کربناته و بـررسی سطوح مـرزیNB ،PB با مرز آشکوبهای سازند آسماری با استفاده از نرمافزار سیکلولاگ در یکی از چاههای میدان نفتی مارون. دوفصلنامه رسوبشناسی کاربردی، دوره 8، شماره 15، ص 131-160.

صادقزاده، م.، مصدق، ح.، حسینینژاد، م (1392) رخسارههای رسوبی یک رمپ با انتهای پرشیب (Distally steepened ramp) با نگاهی ویژه به رسوبات توربیدایتی در نهشتههای کربونیفر زیرین ناحیه میغان، البرز شرقی، نشریه پژوهشهای چینهنگاری و رسوبشناسی، شماره 50، ص 79-102.

رنجکش، ن.، حمدی، ب (1391) زیستچینهنگاری سازند مبارک در برش ولیآباد، جاده چالوس. فصلنامه علوم زمین، شماره 83، ص 111-122.

مصدق، ح (1379) میکروفسیلها، رخسارهها، محیطرسوبی و چینهنگاری سکانسی سازند مبارک (کربونیفر زیرین) در البرز مرکزی، رساله دکترا، دانشگاه تربیتمعلم، 268 ص.

نقشه زمینشناسی ایران، سری 1:100000، دماوند، شماره 6461، سازمان زمینشناسی ایران، تهران.

Alavi, M (1996) Tectonostratigraphic synthesis and structural style of the Alborz mountain system in Northern Iran. Journal of Geodynamics, 21: 1-33.

Alsharhan, A. S., and Kendall, C. G. St. C (2003) Holocene coastal carbonates and evaporites of the southern Arabian Gulf and their ancient analogues, Earth-Science Reviews, 61: 191-243.

Arefifard, S., Vachard, D (2015) Early Carboniferous siliciclastic-carbonates in east-central Iran versus coeval carbonates of north Iran: record of latest Tournaisian-early Visean tectonic events. Boletín del Instituto de Fisiografía y Geología, 85: 29–44.

Asserto, R (1963) The Paleozoic formations in central Elburz (Iran) (preliminary note). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 69: 503-543.

Bacelle, L. and Bosellini, A (1965) Diagrammi per la stima visiva della composizione percentuale nelle rocce sedimentary. Sciences Geology Paleontology, 3: 59-62.

Bachmann, M., and Hirsch, F (2006) Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform of the eastern Levant (Galilee and the Golan Heights): stratigraphy and second-order sea-level change. Cretaceous Research, 27: 487-512.

Bagheri, S., and Stampfli, G. M (2008) The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: New geological data, relationships and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 451: 123-155.

Bassi, D., and Nebelsick, J. H (2010) Components, facies and ramps: Redefining Upper Oligocene shallow water carbonates using coralline red algae and larger foraminifera (Venetian area, northeast Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 295: 258-280.

Bauer, J., Bremen, J. K., and Bochum, T. S (2002) Platform Environments, Microfacies and Systems Tracts of the Upper Cenomanian - Lower Santonian of Sinai, Egypt. Facies, 47: 1-26.

Bayet-Goll, A., Geyer, G., Wilmsen, M., Mahboubi, A., and Moussavi-Harami, R (2014) Facies architecture, depositional environments, and sequence stratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian Fasham and Deh-Sufiyan Formations in the central Alborz, Iran. Facies, DOI 10.1007/s10347-014-0401-9.

Bayet-Goll, A., Neto de Carvalho, C., Monaco, P., Sharafi, M (2016) Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of biogenic structures from chalky limestones of the Turonian-Campanian Abderaz Formation, Kopet-Dagh, Iran. In: Khosla, A., Lucas, S.G. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Cretaceous Biodiversity, Palaeoenvironments and Palaeobiogeographic Implications, Special Issue, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 71: 19–43.

Bayet-Goll, A., Shirezadeh Esfahani, F., Daraei, M., Monaco, P., Sharafi, M., Akbari Moham, A (2018) Cyclostratigraphy across a Mississippian carbonate ramp in the Esfahan–Sirjan Basin, Iran: implications for the amplitudes and frequencies of sea-level fluctuations along the southern margin of the Paleotethys. International Journal of Earth Sciences, Doi.org/10.1007/s00531-018-1597-7.

Bernaus, G. M., Arnaud-Vanneauc, A., and Caus, E (2003) Carbonate platform sequence stratigraphy in a rapidly subsiding area: the Late Barremian–Early Aptian of the Organya basin, Spanish Pyrenees. Sedimentary Geology, 159: 177-201.

Bourque, P-A., Madi, A., Mamet, B. L (1995) Waulsortian-type bioherm development and response to sea-level Xuctuations: upper Viséan of Becar basin, western Algeria. Journal of Sedimentary Research Bulletin, 65: 80-95

Bover-Arnal, T., Salas, R., Moreno-Bedmar, J. A., and Bitzer, K (2009) Sequence stratigraphy and architecture of a late Early–Middle Aptian carbonate platform succession from the western Maestrat Basin (Iberian Chain, Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 219: 280–301.

Brandano, M., Lipparini, L., Campagnoni, V., and Tomassetti, L (2012) Downslope-migrating large dunes in the Chattian carbonate ramp of the Majella Mountains (Central Apennines, Italy). Sedimentary Geology, 255(256): 29-41.

Burchette, T. P., Wright, V. P (1992) Carbonate ramp depositional systems. Sedimentary Geology, 79: 3-57.

Colombie, C., and Strasser, A (2005) Facies, cycles, and controls on the evolution of a keep-up carbonate platform (Kimmeridgian, Swiss Jura). Sedimentology, 52: 1207-1227.

Dunham, R. J (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. American Association Petroleum Geologists Mem, 1: 108-121.

El-ghali, M. A. K., Morad, S., Mansurbeg, H., Caja, M. A., Siratd, M. and Ogle, N (2009) Diagenetic alterations related to marine transgression and regression in fluvial and shallow marine sandstones of the Triassic Buntsandstein and Keuper sequence, the Paris Basin, France. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26: 289-309.

Embry, A. F. I., and Klovan, J. E (1972) Absolute water depth limits of late devonian paleoecological zones. Geology Rundsch, 61: 672-686.

Flugel, E (2010) Microfacies of Carbonate rocks, Springer-Verlag, 976 p.

Gallagher, S. j (1998) Controls on the distribution of calcareous Foraminifera in the Lower Carboniferous of Ireland. Marine Micropaleontology, 34: 187-211.

Glumac, B., Walker, K. R (2000) Carbonate deposition and sequence stratigraphy of the Terminal Cambrian Gr Cycle in the Southern Appalachians, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70: 952–963.

Halal, O. A (2008) Diagenesis and Reservoir-Quality Evolution of Paralic, Shallow BMarine and Fluvio-lacustrine Deposits, Links to Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, 448: 65 p.

Jank, M., Wetzel, A. and Meyer, C. A (2006) Late Jurassic sea-level fluctuations in NW Switzerland (Late Oxfordian to Late Kimmeridgian): closing the gap between the Boreal and Tethyan realm in Western Europe. Facies, 52: 487-519.

Lakin, J. A., Marshall, J. E. A., Troth, I., Harding, I. C (2016) Greenhouse to icehouse: a biostratigraphic review of latest Devonian–Mississippian glaciations and their global effects. Geol Soc Lond Spec Pub, 423(1): 439–464.

Moosavizadeh, S. M. A., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Kavoosi, M. A. & Schlagintweit, F (2015) Sequence stratigraphy and platform to basin margin facies transition of the Lower Cretaceous Dariyan Formation (northeastern Arabian Plate, Zagros fold-thrust belt, Iran). Bulletin of Geosciences, 90(1): 145–172.

Palma, R. M., López-Gómez, J., Piethé, R. D (2007) Oxfordian ramp system (La Manga Formation) in the Bardas Blancas area (Mendoza Province) Neuquén Basin, Argentina: Facies and depositional sequences. Sedimentary Geology, 195: 113–134.

Pomar, L., Bassant, Ph., Brandano, M., Ruchonnet, C., and Janson, X (2012) Impact of carbonate producing biota on platform architecture: Insights from Miocene examples of the Mediterranean region. Earth Science Reviews, 113: 186-211.

Madi, A., Bourque, P. A., Mamet, B. I (1996) Depth-related ecological zonation of a Carboniferous carbonate ramp: Upper VisCan of BCchar Basin, Western Algeria, Facies, 35: 59-80.

Malpas, J. A., Gawthorpe, R. L., Pollard, J. E., and Sharp, I. R (2005) Ichnofabric analysis of the shallow marine Nukhul Formation (Miocene), Suez Rift, Egypt: implications for depositional processes and sequence stratigraphic evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 215: 239- 264.

Menning, M., Alekseev, A. S., Chuvashov, B. I (2006) Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of central and west Europe, east Europe, Tethys, south China, and North America as used in the Devonian-Carboniferous-PermianCorrelation Chart 2003 (DCP2003). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 240: 318–372.

Read, J. F (1982) Carbonate margins of passive (extensional) continental margins types, characteristics and evolution. Tentonophysics, 81: 195-212.

Saller, A., Reksalegora, S. W., Bassant, P (2010) Sequence Stratigraphy and Growth of Shelfal Carbonates in a Deltaic Province, Kutai Basin, Offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Morgan, W.A., George, A., Harris, P.M., Kupecz J.A., Sarg, F.J. (Eds.), Cenozoic Carbonate Systems of Australasia. SEPM Special Publication, 95: Tulsa, 147-174.

Sharafi, M., Ashuri, M., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R (2012) Stratigraphic application of Thalassinoides ichnofabric in delineating sequence stratigraphic surfaces (Mid-Cretaceous), Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran. Palaeoworld, 21: 202-216.

Sharafi, M., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Ashuri, M., Rahimi, B (2013) Sequence stratigraphic significance of sedimentary cycles and shell concentrations in the Aitamir Formation (Albian–Cenomanian), Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 67(68): 171-186.

Sharafi, M., Mahboubia, A., Moussavi-Haramia, R., Mosaddegh, H., Gharaie, M. H. M (2014) Trace fossils analysis of fluvial to open marine transitional sediments: Example from the Upper Devonian (Geirud Formation), Central Alborz, Iran. Palaeoworld, 23: 50–68.

Stanton, R. J., and Flügel, E (1995) An accretionary distally steepened ramp at an intrashelf basin margin: an alternative explanation for the Upper Triassic Steinplatte “reef” (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Sedimentary Geology, 95: 269-286.

Strasser, A (1986) Ooids in Purbeck limestones (Lowermost Cretaceous) of the Swiss and French Jura. Sedimentology, 33: 711–727.

Torsvik, T. H., Cocks, L. R. M (2013) New global palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Early Palaeozoic and their generation. Geol Soc Mem, 38: 5–24.

Tucker, M. E. and Wright, V. P (1991) Carbonate Sedimentology, Blackwell, Oxford, 482 pp.

Wanas, H. A (2008) Cenomanian rocks in the Sinai Peninsula, Northeast Egypt: Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 52: 125-138.

Warren, W. J (2000) Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important association, Earth Science Review, 52: 1-81.

Warren, J (2006) Evaporites, sediments, resource and hydrocarbons. Springer, Berlin, 1035p.

Wilmsen, M., Niebuhr, B. and Hiss, M (2005) The Cenomanian of northern Germany: facies analysis of a transgressive biosedimentary system, Facies, 51: 242-263.