Petrography, sedimentary environment and sequence stratigraphy of Tarbur Formation in Shiraz area (Interior Fars)

Author

Assist. Prof., Dept., of Geology, Islamic Azad University, Estahban Branch, Estahban, Iran

Abstract

The Campanian-Maastrichtian sequence in the Shiraz region of Inner Fars includes Gurpi and Tarbur formations. In order to study petrography and evaluate the evolution of the sedimentary environment and sequence stratigraphy of these sediments, two stratigraphic sections of Koh-e Qhale and Koh-e Shahrek Abarj in Marvdasht city of Fars province were selected and analyzed. Based on field studies, manual samples, and a detailed microscopic study of 250 thin sections prepared from the studied formations, it was identified that 14 facies (11 carbonate microfacies and three lithofacies) were deposited in a shelf carbonate platform. By studying about 1400 meters of Maastrichtian sediments, depending on the location of the sections under study, three third depositional sequences were identified and separated in terms of sequence stratigraphy. During the Campanian period and the formation of the LST systems tract towards the northeast of the studied area (Koh-e Qhale section), the clastic sediments of the lower part of the Tarbur formation and in the deeper parts of the sedimentary basin of the Gurpi formation were deposited equivalently. At the time of the highstand systems tract (HST facies) and high carbonate production rate in the steep part of the sedimentary environment, interlayered reef deposits (rudist packstone and rudist grainstone) were deposited between the limestones of the Tarbur Formation. The most critical diagenesis processes affecting the studied sequence can be called neomorphism, bioturbation, micriteization, cementation, dissolution, mechanical compaction, stylolitization, pyritization, hematitization, dolomitization, and fracturing, which diagenesis changes are influenced by the pattern of sediment accumulation in time depond on the relative sea level change. Paleogeographical studies of the studied area show that during the Campanian period, the southeast of the studied area (Koh-e Qhale section) was out of water. Moreover, the main facies formed in this section include red conglomerate, microconglomerate, sandstone, shale, and red marl facies, which deepen towards the north and northwest of the study area (Koh-e Shahrak section) and shales Green Gurpi Formation was deposited. In the upper Maastrichtian period, during the relative stillness of the sea water and the dominant marine sedimentary environment, the HST systems tract is exposed in the form of rudist carbonate buildup with significant thickness and facies.

Keywords

References

Abbasi, R., Piryaei, A., Ghorbani, M., Mobasheri, A (2021) Maastrichtian tectono-sedimentary evolution of the western Fars area (Zagros, SW Iran): insights into a foreland basin deposit, Geopersia, 11(2): 337-360.
Abyat, A., Afghah, M., Feghhi A., A (2015) Biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of Tarbur Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in southwest of Khorram Abad (southwest Iran), Carbonate and Evaporites 30109-1180. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13146-014-0218-1.
Afghah, M (2022) Microfacies and depositional environment of Tarbur formation (Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleocene) Zagros area, southwestern Iran, Geological Journal, 57(7): 2868-2883. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4450.
Afghah, M (2016) Biostratigraphy, facies analysis of Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleocene strata in South Zagros belt, (southwestern Iran), Journal of African Earth Science, (19): 171-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.04.002
Afghah, M., Yaghmour, S. H (2014) Biostratigraphy Study of Tarbur Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Tang-E Kushk and East of Sarvestan (SW of Iran), Journal of Earth Science, 25(2): 263-274.
Ahr, W. M (2008) Geology of Carbonate Reservoirs, the Identification, Description, and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in Carbonate Rocks, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Pub., New Jersey. 277 p. https:// doi.org/10.1002/9780470370650.
Alishavandi, Z., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Kadkhodaei, A., Arian, M (2018) Investigating the effects of sedimentary environment and diagenetic processes on the quality of Sarvak reservoir formation within a sequence stratigraphic framework, Kupal Oil Field, Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 27 (107): 277-286. (in Persian).
Alavi, M (2004) Regional Stratigraphy of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt of Iran and ITS Proforeland Evolution, American Journal of Science, 304:1-20.
Alavi, M (2007) Structures of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt in Iran. American Journal of Science, 307: 1064-1095.
Amir Bakhtiar, H (2016) Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of Tarbor Formation in Fars District, Shahid Beheshti University Doctoral Dissertation, 639 p.
Amir Bakhtiar, H., Taheri, A., Vaziri-Moghaddam, H (2011) Maastrichtian facies succession and sea-level history of the Hossein-Abad, Neyriz area, Zagros Basin, Historical Biology, Taylor & Francis, 23(2-3): 145-153.
Andalibi, M. J (1996) Geological map of Sivand 1/100000, Geological Survey of Iran, (in Persian).
Arosi, A. H., Wilson, M. E. J (2015) Diagenesis and fracturing of a large-scale, syntectonic carbonate platform, Sedimentary Geology, 326: 109–134.
Asadi, A., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Aleali, M., Arian, M (2021) Geologically based integrated approach for zonation of a Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous carbonate reservoir; a case from Persian Gulf, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, (12): 1265-1283, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01372-2.
Azad Shahraki, L., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Ranjbaran, M (2017) Sedimentary Environment, Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Fahliyan Formation in Kilur Karim Oil Field (well# B), Applied Sedimentology, 5(10): 64-80. https://doi.org/ 10.22084/psj.2018.13549.1146 (in Persian).
Azizi, R., Safari, A., Vaziri-Maghaddam, H (2015) Microfacies, sedimentary environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Tarbur Formation in Semirom area (southwest of Isfahan), Sedimentary Facies, 8(2): 198-215. https://doi.org/ 10.22067/sed.facies.v8i2.13225, (in Persian).
Azizi, R., Safari, A., Vaziri-Moghadam, H (2015) New Founds in Biostratigraphy of Tarbur Formation at Semirom area (south-western Isfahan), Sedimentary Facies, 8(1): 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22067/sed.facies.v8i1.14627.
Bathurst, R. G. C (1975) Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis: New York, Elsevier, science pub. Co, 658 p.
Bahroudi, A., and Koyi, H. A (2004) Tectono-Sedimentary Framework of the Gachsaran Formation in the Zagros Foreland Basin, Marine and Petroleum Geology, (21): 1295-1310.
Biernacka, J., K. Borysiuk, and Raczynski, P (2005) Zechstein (Ca1) limestone-marl alternations from the North-Sudetic Basin Poland, depositional or diagenetic rhythms? Geological Quarterly, (49): 1-14. 
Bordenave, M., Hegre, M (2010) Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. Geological. Society of London. Special Publication, 330(3): 291–353. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP330.1.
Brandano, M., L., Lipparini, V., Campagnoni, and L., Tomassetti (2012) Downslope-migrating large dunes in the Chattian carbonate ramp of the Majella Mountains (Central Apennines, Italy): Sedimentary Geology,
255 (256): 29-41.
Caruzzi, A. V (1989) Carbonate rocks depositionalmodels: A microfacies approach. Prentice- Hall, New Jersey, 604 p.
Catuneanu, O (2006) Principles of sequence stratigraphy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 386 p.
Catuneanu, O., Galloway, W., Kendall, C., Miall, A., Posamentier, H., Strasser, A., Tucker, M (2011) Sequence stratigraphy: methodology and nomenclature. Newsl Stratigr, 44(3): 173–245. https://doi.org/ 0.1127/0078-0421/2011/0011.
Choquette, P. W (1968) Marine diagenesis of shallow marine lime-mud sediments: insights from 0 and C3 data. Science, 161: 1130-1132.
Choquette, P. W., and James, N. P (1990) Limestones: the burial diagenetic environment. In: Mcllreath, I.A., & Morrow, D.W. (eds.), Diagenesis. Geological Association of Canada, Geoscience Canada, Reprint Series, 4 75-111.
Daneshian, J., Fazli, L., Baghbani, D (2010) Forminifera biostratigraphy of the Gurpi and Tarbur formations in northeast Jahrum, Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Researches, 26(1): 89-102. https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.20087888.1389.26.1.5.4, (inPersian).
Dunham, R (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association Petroleum Geology. 121 p.
Dou, Q., Sun, Y. and Sullivan, C (2011) Rock-physics-based carbonate pore type characterization and reservoir permeability heterogeneity evaluation, Upper San Andres reservoir, Permian Basin, west Texas. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 74(1): 8-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.02.010.
EL – Ghali, M. A. K., Tajoti, K. G., M ansorbeh, H., Ogle, N., & Kalin, R. M (2006) Origin and timing of sidrelite cementation upper Ordovician Glacogenic sandstone from the Murzuk basin, SW Libya. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23: 459- 471.
Emami Meybodi, S. M., Maghfouri Moghadam, I., Sedaghatnia, M., Barmal, A (2022) Microfacies, sedimentary environment and diagenetic processes of carbonate rocks of the Asmari Formation (Chenareh Anticline, South Lorestan), Applied Sedimentology, 10(20): 73-91.
Emery, D., and Myers, K (2005) Sequence Stratigraphy: Oxford. Blackwell Science, 297 p.
Earler, D. V., Nothdurft, L., McNeil, M. and Moras, C. A (2018) Tracing nitrate sources using the isotopic composition of skeletal-bound organic matter from the calcareous green algae Halimeda. Coral Reefs, 37: 1003– 1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-018-01742-z.
Esmith, M. E., Moore, E. W., Swart, P. K (2022) Constraining diagenesis within shallow water carbonate environments: Insights from clumped and sulfur isotopes, Chemical Geology, 614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121183
Fallah Bagtash, R., Adabi, M., Sadeghi, A., Omidpour, A (2021) A Study of microfacies and diagenetic processes of the Asmari Formation in Khesht Oil Field with emphasis on reservoir characteristic: a case study from Zagros basin, Fars, SW Iran, Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 37(3): 1-34. https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2021.127061.1198 (in Persian).
Flügel, E (2010) Microfacies analysis of Limestones, Analysis Interpretation and Application. Springer Berlin, 976 p.
Ghanbarloo, H., Safari, A., Vaziri Moghaddam, H (2022) Biostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Tarbur Formation (Maastrichtian) from Iranian Zagros Foreland Basin, Southwest of Iran, Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 96(1): 147-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14767.
Gili, E., Masse, J. P., Skelton, P. W (1995) Rudists as gregarious sediment dwellers, not reef-builders, on Cretaveous carbonate platforms. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 118: 245-267.
Hollis, C (2011) Diagenetic controls on reservoir properties of carbonate successions within the Albian–Turonian of the Arabian Plate. Petroleum Geoscience, 17 (3): 223-241.
James, G. A., Wynd, J. G (1965) Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. AAPG Bull, 49: 2182–2245.
Khanjani, M., Mousavi-Harami, R., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Kamali, M. R., Chehrazi, A (2015) Depositional Environment, Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy of Ilam Formation in Siri Alvand Oilfield, Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geociences, 95 (24): 253-262. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2015.42336 (in Persian).
Khosrothehrani, K., Afghah, M (2013) Study of microbiostratigraphy of Tarbur formation in north and northeast and southeast of Shiraz, Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 12(53): 74-87. (in Persian).
Lasemi, Y (1379) Facies, sedimentary environments and sequence stratigraphy of Upper Precambrian and Paleozoic deposits of Iran, Geological and Mineral Exploration Organization of Iran, 180 p.
Lucia, F. J (2007) Carbonate reservoir characterization: An integrated approach. Springer Berlin. 366 p.
Madden, R. and Wilson, M (2013) Diagenesis of a SE Asian Cenozoic carbonate platform margin and its adjacent           basinal deposits, Sedimentary Geology, 286 (287): 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.11.006.
Maghfouri Moghadam, I (2010) Introducing Rudist of Tarbur Formation, Semirum and Khorramabad Sections, Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciencem, 20(77): 63-66. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2010.55336.
Malekzadeh, H., Daraei, M., Bayet-Goll, A (2020) Field-scale reservoir zonation of the Albian–Turonian Sarvak Formation within the regional-scale geologic framework: A case from the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104586.
Mehrabi, H (2023) Deposition, Diagenesis, and Geochemistry of Upper Cretaceous Carbonates (Sarvak Formation) in the Zagros Basin and the Persian Gulf, Iran, Minerals, 13(8), https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081078.
Mirzaee Mahmoodabadi, R (2020a) Sequence stratigraphy of Albian–Campanian carbonate deposits (Sarvak and Ilam formations) in Shiraz area, Fars, SW Iran. Carbonates Evaporites, 35: 92, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00628-y.
Mirzaee Mahmoodabadi, R (2020b) Facies analysis, sedimentary environments and correlative sequence stratigraphy of Gachsaran formation in SW Iran, Carbonate and Evaporites, 35, 25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00555-y.
Mirzaee Mahmoodabadi, R (2023) Assessment of linking diagenesis history to sequence stratigraphy evidences (systems tract), (a case study: Sarvak Formation in one of the super oil fields, SW, IRAN). Carbonates Evaporites, 38 (59): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-023-00879-5.
Mirzaee Mahmoodabadi, R (2023) Assessment of evolution of the sedimentary environment of Paleocene-Eocene succession in Shiraz area based on sequence stratigraphic evidences, Applied Sedimentology, 11(21): 182-207, https://doi.org/10.22084/psj.2022.26615.1364 (in Persian).
Mirzaee Mahmoodabadi, R (2022) Petrography, sedimentary environment and reservoir potential assessment of Asmari Formation in Kilor Karim oil field in the framework of sequence stratigraphy, Applied Sedimentology, 10 (20): 210-233, https://doi.org/ 10.22084/psj.2022.25758.1339, (in Persian). 
Mohseni, H., Esfandyari, M., Kavousi, M (2016) Diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy of the Fahliyan Formation in the Yadavaran oil field (Koshk and Hosseiniyeh) in the north Dezful Embayment. Scientific Semiannual Journal Sedimentary Facies, 8(2): 236–255. https://doi.org/10.22067/sed.facies.v8i2.33283.
Moore, C. H (2001) Carbonate reservoir; Porosity Evolution and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework, Elsevier, 444 p.
Moore, C. H (2013) Carbonate Reservoirs: Porosity Evolution and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 370 p.
Morad, S. Al-Aasm, I. S., Fadi, H. N., Ceriani, A., Gasparrini, M., Mansuebeg, H (2012)  Impact of diagenesis on the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality in the Jurassic Arab D and C members, offshore Abu Dhabi oilfield, United Arab Emirates, GeoArabia, 17(3): 17-56. https://doi.org/ 10.2113/geoarabia170317.
Moteiei, H (1993) Geology of Iran, Stratigraphy of Zagros, Iranian Geological Survey, 682p (in Persian).
Moteiei, H (1995) Petroleum geology of Zagros, Iranian Geological Survey, 1st Edition, 589p (in Persian).
Parvaneh-Nejad Shirazi, M., Bahrami, M., KHazrak-Asli, M (2014) Biostratigraphy of the Campanian-Maastrichtian deposits of the Tarbor Formation in the northwest of Shiraz (Ghale Mountain) based on Orbitoidea, 15(15): 13-19. (in Persian).
Parham, S., Piryaei, A. R., Ghorbani, M., Moussavi-Harami, R (2017) Paleogeographic evolution of the Maastrichtian deposits in the eastern Fars area (Zagros, Iran) using high-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis, Carbonate and Evaporites, (34): 315-344, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-017-0387-9
Payandeh, S., Afghah, M., Parvanehnejad Shirazi, M (2018) Biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of Tarbur Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Hossein Abad section, Zagros basin (SW of Iran), Carbonates and Evaporites, 34: 931-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-018-0445-y.
Rahimpour Bonab, H (2008) Carbonate Petrology, relationship between diagenesis and porosity evolution, Tehran University Press, 487 p (in Persian).
Rashid, F., Hussein, D., Glower, P. W. J., Lorinczi, P., Lawrence, J. A (2022) Quantitative diagenesis: Methods for studying the evolution of the physical properties of tight carbonate reservoir rocks, Marine and petroleum geology, 139.
Reinhold, C., Kaufman, B (2010) Sea-level changes as controlling factor of early diagenesis: the reefal limestones of Adnet (Late Triassic, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Facies, 56: 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-009-0197-1.
Riaz, M., Bhat, G. M., Latif, K., Zafar, T., Ghazi, S (2022) Sequence stratigraphy, depositional and diagenetic environments of the late Cambrian glauconite bearing oolitic limestones in the Kelan Section, Shanxi, China, ournal of Earth System Science, 131(17): https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01743-7.
Riding, R (2002) Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud monds: concepts and categories. Earth Science Review, 58: (163-231).
Ronchi, P., Jadoul, F., Ceriani, A., Giulio, A. D., Scotti, P., Ortenzi, A. and Massara, E. P (2011) Multistage dolomitization and distribution of dolomitized bodies in Early Jurassic carbonate platforms (Southern Alps, Italy), Sedimentology, 58: 532–565.
Ross, D. J., Skelton, P. W (1993) Rudist formation of the Cretaceous: A Paleoecological, Sedimentological and Stratigraphical review. In: Wright, V.P., (ed.), Sedimentology Review, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1: 73-91.
Sadooni, F., N (2005) The nature and origin of Upper Cretaceous basin-margin rudist buildups of the Mesopotamian basin, southern Iraq, with consideration of possible hydrocarbon stratigraphic entrapment, Cretaceous Research, 26: 213-244.
Salifou, I. A. M. Zhang, H. Boukari, I. O. Harouna, M. and Cai, Z (2021) New vuggy porosity models-based interpretation methodology for reliable pore system characterization, Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield, North Tarim Basin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, (196): 63-79.
Sanders, D., & Pons, J. M (1999) Rudist formations in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate depositional environments, Upper Cretaceous, Austria: stratigraphy, sedimentology and models of development. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 148: 249-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00186-2.
San Miguel, G., Aurell, M. and Bádenas, B (2017) Diagenetic evolution of a shallow marine Kimmeridgian carbonate ramp (Jabaloyas, NE Spain): implications for hydrocarbon reservoir quality. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10 (16): 376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3157-z.
Selley, R. C (1978) Concepts and methods of subsurface facies analysis, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Contin Educ Course, 9: 82.  Notes.
Seibel, M. J., & James, N. P (2017) Diagenesis of Miocene, incised Valley – filling limestones: Provence Southern    France. Sedimentary Geology, 347: 21 – 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.09.006.
Sobhani Foroshani, J., Mehrabi, H., Rahimpour-Bonab, H (2022) Depositional–diagenetic history and sequence stratigraphy of the Sarvak formation in hydrocarbon fields of the central and southern Dezful Embayment, 9(18): 51-75. https://doi.org/ 10.22084/psj.2021.23809.1279, (in Persian).
Sobouhi, M., Kadkhodaie, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Rezaee, P., Jalali, M (2023) Investigation of the relationship between reservoir rock typing, microfacies and diagenetic processes of the Sarvak Formation in one of the oil fields in Abadan plain, SW Iran, Applied Sedimentology, 11(22): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.22084/psj.2022.25804.1341.
Skelton, P. W (1991) Morphogenetic versus environmental cues for adaptive radiations, In: N. Schmidt-Kittler., Vogel (Edithors), constructional morphology and evolution, Springer, Berlin, 375-388.
Tucker, M (2001) Carbonate Reservoirs: Porosity Evolution and Diagenesis in Sequence Stratigraphic Framework-By Clyde Moore, Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Sedimentology Volume 55, 444. US Organic Geochemistry, 11(32): 1373.
Tucker, M. E. and Wright, V. P (1990) Carbonate Sedimentology. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, Engladn, 404 p.
Tucker, M (2004) Carbonate Reservoirs: Porosity Evolution and Diagenesis in Sequence Stratigraphic Framework-By Clyde Moore, Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Sedimentology Volume 55, 444. US Organic Geochemistry, 11(32):1373.
Vail, P. R., F. Audemard, S. A. Bowman, D. N. Eisner, and C. Perezcruz (1998) The Stratigraphic Signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology – an Overview, in G. Einsele, W. Ricken, and A. Seilasher, eds., cycles and events in stratigraphy: Berlin, Springer – Verlag, 617-59.
Van Buchem, F., Simmons, M., Droste, H., Davies, R (2010) Late Aptian to Turonian stratigraphy of the eastern Arabian Plate–depositional sequences and lithostratigraphic nomenclature. Pet Geosci, 17: 211–222.
Vaziri – Moghaddam, H., Safari, A., Taheri, A (2005) Microfacies, paleoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy of the Tarbur formation in Kherameh area, SW Iran, Carbonate and Evaporites, 20(2): 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03175456.
Wilson, J (1975) Carbonate Facies in Geological History. Springer, Berlin. 471 p.
Wynd, J. G (1965) Biofacies of the Iranian Oil Consortium Agreement area. Iranian Oil Operating Companies, Geological and Exploration division. Resport No. 1082.
Applied Sedimentology
Volume 11, Issue 22 - Serial Number 22
December 2023
Pages 209-238

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 11 July 2023
  • Revise Date: 14 October 2023
  • Accept Date: 16 October 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics