دوفصلنامه رسوب شناسی کاربردی

دوفصلنامه رسوب شناسی کاربردی

کاربرد ژئوشیمی رسوبات آبراهه ­ای و پشت سدی در شناسایی خاستگاه رسوبات: مطالعه موردی از حوضه آبریز سد رسوب­گیر معدن مس درآلو- کرمان، ایران

نویسنده
استاد مدعو گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران
چکیده
دریاچه پشت سد رسوب­گیر معدن مس درآلو در جنوب کرمان، میزبان رسوبات ناشی از هوازدگی و فرسایش طبیعی سنگ‌های متنوع بالادست است. به ‌منظور شناسایی خاستگاه این رسوبات، ۱۸ نمونه از رسوبات آواری در اندازه ماسه از آبراهه‌های اصلی و رسوبات ته‌نشست‌یافته در پشت سد برداشت شده است و با استفاده از روش‌های XRF و XRD مورد تجزیه ژئوشیمیایی قرار گرفته تا سهم جرمی عناصر اصلی، عناصر فرعی و عناصر نادر خاکی تعیین شود. محاسبه شاخص شیمیایی دگرسانی (CIA) و بررسی نمودار سه‌تایی A–CN–K نشان‌دهنده درجه هوازدگی پایین تا متوسط و شرایط آب‌وهوایی خشک تا نیمه‌خشک در ناحیه خاستگاه است. الگوی پراکنش داده‌ها در نمودارهای دوتایی و سه‌تایی نشان می‌دهد که ترکیب غالب رسوبات عمدتاً از سنگ‌های آتشفشانی حدواسط تا مافیک (آندزیت و آندزیت-‌بازالت) مشتق شده است که در کنار آن حضور سنگ‌های فلسیک (داسیت و ریوداسیت‌) نیز تایید می‌شود. مقادیر پایین کروم و نیکل، منشاء الترامافیک را رد می‌کنند. جایگاه نمونه‌ها در نمودارهای ژئوشیمیایی دوتایی و سه‌تایی و نسبت‌های کلیدی نظیر Th/U و La/Th، حاکی از منشأ ماگماتیکی و جایگاه تکتونیکی مرتبط با قوس‌های آتشفشانی اقیانوسی (Oceanic Island Arc) هستند. این نتایج، اطلاعات پایه‌ای ارزشمندی جهت مدیریت منابع رسوبی در مناطق صنعتی و تدوین راهبردهای توسعه پایدار در اختیار مدیران و سیاستگذاران قرار می‌دهند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Application of Stream and Reservoir Sediment Geochemistry in determining provenance: A Case Study from the watershed of Dar-e-Allo copper mine waste dam- Kerman, Iran

نویسنده English

H. Bavi
Visiting Prof., Dept., of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
چکیده English

The sedimentation lake formed behind the waste dam of the Dar-e-Allo copper mine in south of Kerman, annually is the host of detrital material derived from the natural weathering and erosion of various upstream lithologies. To determine the provenance of these sediments, 18 samples were collected from clastic deposits along the main drainage channels as well as from sediments accumulated behind the dam. These samples were analyzed geochemically using XRF and XRD techniques to quantify the concentrations of major, minor, and rare earth elements. The calculated Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values, together with the A–CN–K ternary diagram, indicate a low to moderate degree of chemical weathering under arid to semi-arid climatic conditions in the provenance. The distribution patterns in binary and ternary geochemical diagrams reveal that the sediments are primarily derived from intermediate to mafic volcanic rocks (andesite and andesite–basalt), with minor contributions from felsic lithologies (dacite and rhyodacite). Low concentrations of chromium and nickel exclude any significant contribution from ultramafic sources. The position of the samples in binary and ternary discrimination diagrams, along with key geochemical ratios such as Th/U and La/Th, suggests a magmatic provenance associated with a tectonic setting typical of an Oceanic Island Arc. These findings provide valuable baseline data for sediment resource management in mining areas and contribute to the development of sustainable resource management strategies.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Dar-e-Allo copper mine
Waste dam
Provenance
Sediment Geochemistry
Weathering Indices
Algül, F., Beyhan, M (2020) Concentrations and sources of heavy metals in shallow sediments in Lake Bafa, Turkey. Scientific Reports, 10: Article 68833. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68833-2
Amin, B., Ismail, A., Arshad, A., Yap, C. K., Kamarudin, M. S (2009) Anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations in the coastal sediments of Dumai, Indonesia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 148: 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0159-z
Andersson, P. O. D., Worden, R. H., Hodgson, D. M., Flint, S (2004) Provenance evolution and chemostratigraphy of a Paleozoic submarine fan-complex: Tanqua Karoo Basin, South Africa. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21: 555–577.
Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., Lee, Y. I., Kasper-Zubillaga, J. J., Carranza-Edwards, A., Garcia, D., Eby, N., Balaram, V., Cruz-Ortiz, N. L (2012) Geochemistry of beach sands along the western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico: Implication for provenance. Chemie der Erde/ Geochemistry, 72: 345–362.
Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., Madhavaraju, J., Vega-Bautista, F., Ramos-Vázquez, M. A., Pérez-Alvarado, B. Y., Kasper-Zubillaga, J. J., Bessa, A. Z. E (2021) Mineralogy and geochemistry of Tecolutla and Coatzacoalcos beach sediments, SW Gulf of Mexico. Applied Geochemistry, 134: 105103.
Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., Lee, Y. I., Verma, S. P., Ramasamy, S (2004) Geochemistry of sandstones from the Upper Miocene Kudankulam Formation, Southern India: Implications for provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1306/082803740285.
Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., Nagarajan, R., Balaram, V., Natalhy-Pineda, O (2015) Petrography and geochemistry of sands from the Chachalacas and Veracruz beach areas, western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico: Constraints on provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 64: 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.10.012.
Bavi, H (2020) Evaluation of the drainage basin affected by the Dar-e-Allo copper mine (southern Kerman) sedimentology, environmental geochemistry, and hydrogeochemistry studies (Internal report, Dar-e-Allo Copper Mine), 328 pp (in Persian).
Bavi, H (2023a) Sedimentology, geochemistry and environmental assessment of rivers and streams affected by Dar-e-Allo Copper Mine, South Kerman (Doctoral dissertation). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 409 pp (in Persian).
 
Bavi, H., Mahmudy Gharaie, M. H., Moussavi-Harami, R., Zand-Moghadam, H., Mahboubi, A., Tohidi, M. R (2023b) Spatial dispersion hot spots of contamination and human health risk assessments of PTEs in surface sediments of streams around porphyry copper mine, Iran. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01471-x.
Bavi, H., Mousavi Harami, S. R., Mahmoudi Qaraei, M. H., Zand Moghaddam, H., Mahboobi, A., Tohidi, M. R (2024a) Behavioral pattern of rare earth elements in different sedimentary systems of the Dar-e-Allo copper mine: An application for environmental studies. Geosciences Scientific Quarterly Journal, 34. (in Persian).
Bavi, H., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahmudy Gharaie, M. H., Zand-Moghadam, H (2024b) A comparative study on speciation and availability risk of toxic and potentially toxic elements in different groups of sediments in the Dar-e-Allo copper mine, SE Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 33: 1619–1651.
Bavi, H., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahmudy Gharaie, M. H., Zand-Moghadam, H (2023c) Evaluation of mineralogical variations in sediments affected by the Dar-e-Allo copper mine, southern Kerman: An application for environmental studies. Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Research, 39: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2023.136989.1254 (in Persian).
Bavi, H., Zand-Moghadam, H (2025) Evaluation of erosion and sedimentation rate in the catchment basin of Dar-e-Allo copper mine waste dam in the south of Kerman by MPSIAC and EPM modeling. Applied Sedimentology Semi-Annual Journal, 13 (25): 175–199. https://doi.org/10.22084/psj.2024.29449.1439. (in Persian).
Begum, M., Khan, R., Roy, D. K., Habib, M. A., Rashid, M. B., Naher, K., Islam, M. A., Tamim, U., Das, S. C., Al Mamun, S. M. M., Hossain, S. M (2021) Geochemical characterization of Miocene core sediments from Shahbazpur gas-wells (Bangladesh) in terms of elemental abundances by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 329: 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07770-4.
Bhatia, M. R., Crook, K. A. W (1986) Trace element characteristics of greywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92: 181–193. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375292.
Boruah, R., Laskar, J. J (2022) Geochemical characteristics of Neogene sandstones of the East and West Siang Districts of Arunachal Pradesh, NE India: Implications for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Acta Geochimica, 41: 100–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-021-00497-9.
Chen, L., Wang, Q., Zhu, G., Lin, X., Qiu, D., Jiao, Y., Lu, S., Li, R., Meng, G., Wang, Y (2024b) Dataset of stable isotopes of precipitation in the Eurasian continent. Earth System Science Data, 16: 1543–1557. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1543-2024.
Chen, W., Ban, H., Mao, C., Liang, H., Jiang, M (2024a) Sediment dynamics subject to sea level rise in the Yangtze River estuary. Journal of Ocean University of China, 23: 1572–1582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-024-5741-7.
Cox, R., Lowe, D. R., Cullers, R. L (1995) The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mudrock chemistry in the southwestern United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 2919–2940. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00185-9.
Crichton, J. G., Condie, K. C (1993) Trace elements as source indicators in cratonic sediments: A case study from the Early Proterozoic Libby Creek Group, southeastern Wyoming. Journal of Geology, 101: 319–332.
Critelli, S., Le Pera, E., Galuzzo, F., Milli, S., Moscatelli, M., Perrotta, S., Santantonio, M (2007) Interpreting siliciclastic–carbonate detrital modes in foreland basin systems: An example from Upper Miocene arenites of the Central Apennines, Italy. In J. Arribas, S. Critelli, & M. Johnsson (Eds.), Sedimentary provenance: Petrographic and geochemical perspectives (Geological Society of America Special Paper), 420: 107–133.
Darby, D. A (1984) Trace elements in ilmenite: A way to discriminate provenance or age in coastal sands. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95: 1208–1218. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95.
Dickinson, W. R (1985) Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones. In G. G. Zuffa (Ed.), Provenance of arenites (333–361). Springer.
Dickinson, W. R (1988) Provenance and sediment dispersal in relation to paleotectonics and paleogeography of sedimentary basins. In K. Kleinspehn & C. Paola (Eds.), New perspectives in basin analysis (3–25). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3788-4_1.
Etemad-Saeed, N., Hosseini-Barzi, M., Armstrong-Altrin, J. S (2011) Petrography and geochemistry of clastic sedimentary rocks as evidences for provenance of the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 61: 142–159.
Fedo, C. M., Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M (1995) Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 23: 921–924. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023.
Floyd, P. A., Leveridge, B. E (1987) Tectonic environment of the Devonian mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic sandstones. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 144: 531–542. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.144.4.0531.
Fralick, P. W (2003) Geochemistry of clastic sedimentary rocks: Ratio techniques. In D. R. Lentz (Ed.), Geochemistry of sediments and sedimentary rocks: Evolutionary considerations to mineral-deposit forming environments, 4: 85–103. Geological Association of Canada.
Girty, G. H., Ridge, D. L., Knaack, C., Johnson, D., Al-Riyami, R. K (1996) Provenance and depositional setting of Paleozoic chert and argillite, Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66: 107–118.
Gu, X. X., Liu, J. M., Zheng, M. H., Tang, J. X., Qi, L (2002) Provenance and tectonic setting of the Proterozoic turbidites in Hunan, South China: Geochemical evidence. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72: 393–407.
Han, X., Wu, H., Li, Q., Cai, W., Hu, S (2024) Assessment of heavy metal accumulation and potential risks in surface sediment of estuary area: A case study of Dagu River. Marine Environmental Research, 196: 106416.
Hayashi, K. I., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H. D., Ohmoto, H (1997) Geochemistry of ~1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61: 4115–4137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00214-7.
Hazen, R. M., Papineau, D., Bleeker, W., Downs, R. T., Ferry, J. M., McCoy, T. J., Sverjensky, D. A., Yang, H (2008) Mineral evolution. American Mineralogist, 93: 1693–1720. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2008.2955.
He, J., Garzanti, E., Dinis, P., Yang, S., Wang, H (2020) Provenance versus weathering control on sediment composition in tropical monsoonal climate (South China)-1. Geochemistry and clay mineralogy. Chemical Geology, 558, 119860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.
Hou, Q., Mou, C., Han, Z., Wang, Q., Tan, Z., Ge, X (2020) Petrography and geochemistry of the Lower Silurian sandstones from the Angzanggou Formation in the North Qilian Belt, China: Implications for provenance, weathering and tectonic setting. Geological Magazine, 157: 477–496.
Ismail, A (1993) Heavy metal concentrations in sediments off Bintulu, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26: 0159. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(93)90159-Z
Jafarzadeh, M., Moussavi-Harami, R., Friis, H., Amini, A., Mahboubi, A., Lenaz, D (2014) Provenance of the Oligocene–Miocene Zivah Formation, NW Iran, assessed using heavy mineral assemblage and detrital clinopyroxene and detrital apatite analyses. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 89: 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.09.006
Johnsson, M. J (1993) The system controlling the composition of clastic sediments. In M. J. Johnsson & A. Basu (Eds.), Processes controlling the composition of clastic sediments, Geological Society of America Special, 284: 1–19. Geological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE284-p1.
Kanhaiya, S., Singh, B. P., Mittal, P., Patra, A (2024) Regolith profiles developed from a granitic parent rock in a sub-humid climate: Implications for pedogenesis and chemical mobility of elements. Journal of Sedimentary Environments, 9: 63–79.
Kemp, A. I. S., Hawkesworth, C. J (2004) Granitic perspectives on the generation and secular evolution of the continental crust. In H. D. Holland & K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Treatise on geochemistry, 3: 349–410.
Keskin, Ş (2011) Geochemistry of Çamardı Formation sediments, central Anatolia (Turkey): Implication of source area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Geosciences Journal, 15: 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-011-0014-z.
Kroonenberg, S. B (1994) Effects of provenance, sorting and weathering on the geochemistry of fluvial sands from different tectonic and climatic environments. In F. Kumon & K. M. Yu (Eds.), Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress, Part A (pp. 69–81). VSP Publications.
McLennan, S. M., Bock, B., Hemming, S. R., Hurowitz, J. A., Lev, S. M., McDaniel, D. K (2003) The role of provenance and sedimentary processes in the geochemistry of sedimentary rocks. In D. R. Lentz (Ed.), Geochemistry of sediment and sedimentary rocks: Evolutionary considerations to mineral deposit-forming environments (GeoText 4, pp. 7–31). Geological Association of Canada.
McLennan, S. M., Hemming, S. R., McDaniel, D. K., Hanson, G. N (1993) Geochemical approaches to sediment provenance and tectonics. In M. J. Johnson & A. Basu (Eds.), Processes controlling the composition of clastic sediments (pp. 21–40). Geological Society of America Special Paper 284: 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE284-p21.
National Iranian Copper Industries Company (2010) Final exploration report of the Dar-e-Allo copper deposit. Exploration and Development Engineering Unit, 197 p.
Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299: 715–717.
Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M (1984) Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based upon thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 1523–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90408-3.
Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M (1996a) Petrogenesis of sediments in the absence of chemical weathering: Effects of abrasion and sorting on bulk composition and mineralogy. Sedimentology, 43: 341–358.
Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M., McLennan, S. M., Keays, R. R (1996b) Effects of chemical weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies. Journal of Geology, 104: 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1086/629850.
Paul, A. Q., Dar, S. A., Singh, B. P., Kumar, H., Ahmad, M (2023) Geochemistry of recent sediments of the Kurheri basin, Son River, Madhya Pradesh, Central India: Implications for source area weathering, sediment provenance, maturity, and sorting. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 112: 1803–1821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02214-7.
Pejman, A., Nabi Bidhendi, G., Ardestani, M., Saeedi, M., Baghvand, A (2015) A new index for assessing heavy metals contamination in sediments: A case study. Ecological Indicators, 58: 365–373.
Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E., Siever, R (1987) Sand and sandstone (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag.
Potter, P. E (1978) Petrology and chemistry of modern Big River sands. Journal of Geology, 86: 423–449. https://doi.org/10.1086/649693.
Potter, P. E., Maynard, J. B., Depetris, P. J (2005) Mud and mudstones: Introduction and overview (297 pp.). Springer.
Randive, K., Kumar, J. V., Bhondwe, A., Lanjewar, S (2014) Understanding the behaviour of rare earth elements in minerals and rocks. Gondwana Geological Magazine, 29: 29–37
Rollinson, H. R (1993) Using geochemical data: Evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Scientific & Technical
Roser, B. P., Korsch, R. J (1986) Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone–mudstone suites using SiO₂ content and K₂O/Na₂O ratio. Journal of Geology, 94: 635–650.
Roser, B. P., Korsch, R. J (1988) Provenance signatures of sandstone–mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major-element data. Chemical Geology, 67: 119–139.
Roy, D. K., Khan, R., Kundu, Z., Ornee, T. I., Rakib, M. M. H., Ovi, M. H., Roy, D., Pranto, A. I., Aishe, D. S., Abdullah, M., Nandi, N., Islam, F., Khan, M. H. R., Aldawood, S., Idris, A. M., Khan, A., Saha, A., Alam, M. S (2025) Major, trace, and rare earth element geochemistry of the Kuakata beach sand, Bangladesh: Implications for provenance, weathering, tectonic setting and heavy metal contamination. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 89: 104338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104338.
Roy, D. K., Roser, B. P (2013) Climatic control on the composition of Carboniferous–Permian Gondwana sediments, Khalaspir basin, Bangladesh. Gondwana Research, 23: 1163–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.006.
Rudnick, R. L., Gao, S., Holland, H. D., Turekian, K. K (2003) Composition of the continental crust. In H. D. Holland & K. K. Turekian (Eds.), The crust, 3: 1–64.
Saha, A., Roy, D. K., Khan, R., Ornee, T. I., Goswami, S., Idris, A. M., Biswas, P. K., Tamim, U (2023) Provenance, weathering, climate and tectonic setting of Padma River sediments, Bangladesh: A geochemical approach. CATENA, 233: 107485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107485.
Suttner, L. J., Dutta, P. K (1986) Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate, I. Framework mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56: 329–345.
Taylor, S. R., McLennan, S. M (1985) The continental crust: Its composition and evolution.
Von Eynatten, H., Barceló-Vidal, C., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V (2003) Modelling compositional change: The example of chemical weathering of granitoid rocks. Mathematical Geology, 35: 231–251.
Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Han, R., Li, X (2023) LA-ICP-MS analyses of trace elements in zoned sphalerite: A study from the Maoping carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (-Ge) deposit, southwest China. Ore Geology Reviews, 157: 105468.
Wang, S., Gu, Z., Guo, P., Zhao, W (2024) Comparative laboratory wettability study of sandstone, tuff, and shale using 12-MHz NMR T1-T2 fluid typing: Insight of shale. SPE Journal, 29: 4781–4803. https://doi.org/10.2118/221496-PA.
Wang, Z. M., Han, C. M., Xiao, W. J., Sakyi, P. A (2017) Paleozoic subduction-related magmatism in the Duobagou area, Dunhuang block: Constrained by zircon U–Pb geochronology and Lu–Hf isotopes and whole-rock geochemistry of metaigneous rocks. Lithosphere, 9: 1012–1032. https://doi.org/10.1130/L644.1.
Wronkiewicz, D. J., Condie, K. C (1987) Geochemistry of Archean shales from the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: Source-area weathering and provenance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51: 2401–2416.
Yan, Z., Wang, Z., Yan, Q., Wang, T., & Guo, X (2012) Geochemical constraints on the provenance and depositional setting of the Devonian Liuling Group, East Qinling Mountains, central China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 82: 9–24.
Zand-Moghadam, H., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., Rahimi, B (2013) Petrography and geochemistry of the Early–Middle Devonian sandstones of the Padeha Formation in the north of Kerman, SE Iran: Implication for provenance. Boletín del Instituto de Fisiografíay Geología, 83: 1–14.
Zhang, C., Yu, Z. G., Zeng, G. M., Jiang, M., Yang, Z. Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M. Y., Shen, L. Q., Hu, L (2014) Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73: 270–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.003.
Zhang, L., Yuan, X., Luo, L., Tian, Y., Zeng, S (2024) Seepage characteristics of broken carbonaceous shale under cyclic loading and unloading conditions. Energy & Fuels, 38: 1192–1203.
Zhang, Y., Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D. J. W (2014) Sediment geochemistry as a provenance indicator: Unravelling the cryptic signatures of polycyclic sources, climate change, tectonism and volcanism. Sedimentology, 61: 383–410.
Zaid, S. M (2013) Provenance, diagenesis, tectonic setting and reservoir quality of the sandstones of the Kareem Formation, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 85: 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.05.001

  • تاریخ دریافت 19 شهریور 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 23 مهر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 25 آبان 1404