اثرفسیل ها، ایکنوفابریک ها و دیرین محیط زیست سازند میشان در فروافتادگی دزفول، جنوب باختر ایران

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترا، گروه علوم‌زمین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران

3 استادیار گروه علوم زمین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

4 استاد گروه علوم زمین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در این مطالعه بررسی دقیق اثرشناسی[1] نهشته­های سازند میشان به سن میوسن در برش امیدیه در فروافتادگی دزفول انجام شده است. سازند میشان به سن میوسن در این برش چینه­شناسی مجموعه متنوعی از اثرفسیل­ها دارد که در بردارنده 4 اثر جنس با 5 اثر گونه است. این اثرفسیل­ها نشان­دهنده رفتارهای حرکتی[2]، تغذیه­ای، پناهگاهی و گریزینگ هستند و شاملProtovirgularia cf. pennatus, Planolites isp., Helminthopsis isp., Thalassinoides isp., Thalassinoides suevicus می­باشد. لایه­های دربردارنده این اثرفسیل­ها شامل تناوب سنگ­آهک­های توده­ای، متوسط تا ضخیم لایه، ماسه­سنگ­های متوسط تا ضخیم لایه و مارن­های آهکی توده­ای می­باشد. در این مطالعه 5 شاخص زیست­آشفتگی مطابق با شاخص­های زیست­آشفتگی استاندارد و همچنین 5 ایکنوفابریک مرتبط با محیط­های دلتا، جزرومدی و لاگون شناسایی شد. تنوع زیاد طبقه­بندی رفتاری اثرفسیل­ها شامل سکونت، تغذیه، حرکت و چریدن همراه با رکورد اثرفسیل­ها بوسیله جانداران رسوب­خوار و بطور کمتر جانوران معلق خوار سازند میشان نشان­دهنده رسوب­گذاری در رخساره­های مربوط به آب­های کم عمق همراه با اکسیداسیون بالا می­باشد.  

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Trace Fossils, Ichnofabrics and Paleoenvironment of the Mishan Formation in the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Ghanavati 1
  • I. Maghfouri Moghaddam 2
  • M. Aleali 3
  • M. Arian 4
1 Ph. D., student. Dept., of Earth sciences, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 Assoc. Prof., Dept., of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
3 Assist. Prof., Dept., of Earth sciences, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
4 Prof., Dept., of Earth sciences, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

In this study, a detailed investigation the trace fossils of Mishan Formation in the Omidieh section has been carried out. The Miocene Mishan Formation has a diverse collection of trace fossils, which includes 4 ichnogenera and 5 ichnospecies. These trace fossils show locomotion, feeding, sheltering and grazing behaviors and include Protovirgularia cf. pennatus, Planolites isp., Helminthopsis isp., Thalassinoides isp. and Thalassinoides suevicus. The trace fossils of Mishan Formation are in the alternation of massive, medium to thick beded limestone, medium to thick beded sandstones, and marl. In this study, 5 bioturbation indexes were identified according to the standard bioturbation indicators, as well as 5 ichnofabrics related to delta, tidal flat and lagoon environments. The great variety of ethological classification including locomotion, feeding, sheltering and grazing, along with the trace fossil record of sediment feeding organisms and, to a lesser extent, suspension feeding animals, confirm very shallow sedimentary environment with a high oxidation content.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Trace fossil
  • Ichnofabric
  • Miocene
  • Guri member
  • Zagros
Abbasi, A (2020) Trace fossil, concepts and Applications, Zanjan University, 399p (in Persian). 
Abbasi, A., Aharipour, R (2021) Circulichnis and other trace fossils from Member 5 of Mila Formation in Tuyeh- Davar section, Eatern Alborz Mountain, North Iran. Geosciences, 31: 1-12.
Abbassi, N., Mirzaei Attabadi, M., Hassanpour, M (2020) Teredolites ichnofaciesband its role in sequence stratigraphic analysis of the upper part of zoiveh Formation, Moghan area, Eastern AzerbaiJan Province, Northwest Iran. Geosciences, 30: 15-24.
Amiri Bakhtiar, H., Norainejad, M (2001) Stratigraphy of Zagros, Tarava Publications, 1091p (in Persian).       
Alavi, M (2007) Structure of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt in Iran. Am. J. SCI., 307: 1064-1095.
Avarjani, S., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi Harami, R., Amiri Bakhtiar, H., Brenner, R. L (2015) Facies, depositional   sequences and biostratigraphy of the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation in Marun oil field, North Dezful Embayment, Zagros Basin, SW Iran. Palaeo world, 24: 336-358, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2015.04.003.
Bayat Gol, A., Abbassi, N (2013) Ichnology on Geirod Foramation in the Hangberg Mass extinction event (Turonian- Famenian), Zayggon section, Central Alborz. Geosciences, 89: 33-48. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2013.44016 (in Persian).
Bayat Gol, A., abbassi, N., Mahboubi, A., moussavi-harami, R., Amin rasouli, H (2012) Facies analsis and environmental interpretation of planolites and palaeophycus trace fossils from palleozoic ediments of mid-Iran zone, 83: 185-196. (in persian).
Bayet-Goll, A., Monaco, P., Mahmudy-Gharaei, M. H., Nadaf, R (2016) Depositional environments and ichnology of Upper Cretaceous deep-marine deposits in the Sistan Suture Zone, Birjand, Eastern Iran. Cretaceous Research, 60: 28-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.015
Bayet-Goll, A., Nazarian Samani, P., Neto de Carvalho, C., Monaco, P., Khodaie, N., Morad Pour, M., Kazemeini, H., Zareiyan, M. H (2017) Sequence stratigraphy and ichnology of Early Cretaceous reservoirs, Gadvan formation in southwestern Iran. Mar. Petrol. Geol., 81: 294-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.11.008.
Bann, K. L., Fielding, C. R (2004) An integrated ichnological and sedimentological comparison of non-deltaic shoreface and subaqueous delta deposits in Permian reservoir units of Australia. In: McIlroy, D. (Ed.), The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 228: 273-307.
Bialik, Or. M., Frank, M., Betzler, c., Zammit, R., Waldmann, N (2019) Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean. Scientific Reports, 8842: 1-12, https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7.
Bromley, R. G (1996), Trace fossils: biology, taphonomy and applications, Chapman and Hall, London, 361p.
Bromley, R. G., Ekdale, A. A (1986). Composite ichnofabrics and tiering of burrows. Geological Magazine, 123: 59-65.
Buatois, L., Mángano, M. G., Malpes, C. G., Lanier, W. P (1998) Ichnology of an Upper Carboniferous fluvio-estuarine paleovalley: The Tonganoxie sandstone, Buildes Quarry, eastern Kansas, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 72: 152-180.
Carmona, N. B., Mangano, M. G., Buatois, L. A., Ponce, j. j (2010) Taphonomy and paleoecology of the bivalve trace fossil Protovirgularia in deltaic heterolithic facies of the Miocene Chenque Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of paleontology, 84(4): 730-738, https://doi.org/10.1666/09-119.1.
Ehrenberg, K (1944) Ergänzende Bemerkungen zu den seinerzeit aus dem Miozäan von Burgschleinitz beschriebenen Gangkernen und Bauten dekapoder Krebse. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 23: 345-359.
Ekdale, A., Bromley, R., Pemberton, S (1984) Ichnology. The use of trace fossils in sedimentology and stratigraphy. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 15: 1-317.
El-Sabbagh, A., El-Hedenya, M., Al-Farraj, S (2017) Thalassinoides in the Middle Miocene succession at Siwa Oasis, northwestern Egypt. Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 365: 1-12, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.01.001.
Famariani Bozchalouei, M., Abbassi, A., Zohdi, A (2020) Neoproterozoic – Camberian boundary in Soltanieh Formationby the ichnological studies, Seyedkandi section, Soltanieh Mountains, NW Iran, Geosciences, 30:163-174, (in Persin).
Fanati Rashidi, R., Vaziri, S. H., Khaksar, K., Gholamalian, H (2014) Microfacies and sedimentary environment of the early-middle Miocene deposits (Mishan formation) in south of Iran. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10): 1031-1039.
Fathi, N., Esrafili, B (2020) Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of Guri limestone in a gas field, SE Zagros belt, Iran. 82nd EAEG (European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers), 1: 1-5.
Flugel, E (2010), Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Analysis, Interpretation and Application, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 984p.
Frey, R., Howard, J., Pryor, W (1978) Ophiomorpha: its morphologic, taxonomic, and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 23: 199-229.
Ghanavati, M., Maghfouri Moghaddam., I., Aleali., M., Arian., M (2023) Burdigalian ichnofabric from the Guri Member, Dezful Embayment, southwestern Iran. Revista Brasilera de Paleontologia (in press).
Gingras, M. K., Bann, K. L., Mac Eachern, J. A., Pemberton, S. G (2007) A conceptual framework for the application of trace fossils. In: MacEachern, J. A., Bann, K. L., Gingras, M. K., Pemberton, S. G. (Eds.), Applied Ichnology. SEPM, 52: 1-26, https://doi.org/ 10.2110/pec.07.52.0001.
Giraldo-Villegas, C., Celis, S., Rodríguez-Tovar, F., Pardo-Trujillo, A., Vallejo-Hincapié, D., Trejos-Tamayo, R (2016) Ichnological analysis of the upper Miocene in the ANH-Tumaco-1-ST-P well: Assessing paleoenvironmental conditions at the Tumaco basin, in the Colombian Pacific, 1-12, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jsames.2016.06.008.
Griffis, R. B., Chavez, F. L (1988) Effects of sediment type on burrows of Callianassa californiensis Dana and C. gigas Dana. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 117: 239-253.
Griffis, R., Suchanek, T (1991) A model of burrow architecture and trophic modes in thalassinidean shrimp (Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Marine Ecology, 79: 171-183.
Halfar, J., Mutti, M (2005) Global dominance of coralline red-algal facies: a response to basement tectonics and surface morphotectonics. Tectonophysics, 241: 193-224, https://doi.org/ 10.1130/G21462.1.
Han, Y., Pickerill, R (1994) Palichnology of the Lower Devonian Wapske Formation, Perth-Andover Mount Carleton region, northwestern New Brunswick, eastern Canada. Atlantic Geology, 30: 37-46.
Heer, O (1876), Flora fossilis Helvetiae, Die vorweltliche Flora der Schweiz, Verlag, Zürich, 182p.
Heidari, A., Feldmann, R. M., Moussavi Harami, R (2012) Miocene decapod crustacean from the Guri Member of   Mishan Formation, Bandar-Abbas, Southern Iran. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 38:1-7.
Heidari, K., Amini, A., Aleli, M., Solgi, A., Jafari, J (2020) Distribution pattern of Ahwaz sandstone and Kalhur evaporate members of Asmari Formation in Dezful Embayment and Abadan plain, a basis for stratigraphic traps studies. Geopersia, 10 (1): 53-63.
James, G., Wynd, J (1965) Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. American Association Petrolium Geology, 49: 2182-2245.
Jensen, S (1997) Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Mickwizia sandstone, south-central Sweden. Fossils and strata, 42: 3-101.
Kashfi, M. S (1982) Guri limestone, a new hydrocarbon reservoir in south Iran. J. Petrol. Geol, 5: 161-171.
Knaust, D (2017) Atlas of trace fossils in well core. Springer International Publishing. New York, USA, 219p, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-319-49837-9
La Croix, A. D., Mac Eachern, J. A., Ayranci, K., Hsieh, A., Dashtgard, S. E (2017) An ichnological assemblage approach to reservoir heterogeneity assessment in bioturbated strata: Insights from the lower cretaceous Viking formation, alberta, Canada. Mar. Petroleum Geol., 86: 636-654, 10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103762.
Leeder, M. R (1973) Fluviatile fining-upwards cycles and the magnitude of palaeochannels. Geol. Mag., 110: 265-276.
Löwemark, L., Zheng, Y., Das, S., Yeh, C., Chen, T (2015) A peculiar reworking of Ophiomorpha shafts in the Miocene Nangang Formation, Taiwan. Geodinamica acta, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26772-0.
Mac Eachern, J. A., Gingras, M. K (2007) Recognition of brackish-water trace-fossil suites in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of Alberta, Canada. In: Bromley, R. G., Buatois, L. A., Mángano, M. G., Genise, J. F., Melchor, R. (Eds.), Sediment-organism interactions: a multifaceted ichnology. SEPM Special Publication, 89:149-194, http://doi.org. 10.2110/pec.07.88.0149.
Mac Eachern, J. A., Zaitlin, B. A., Pemberton, S. G (1999) A sharpbased sandstone of the Viking Formation, Joffre Field, Alberta, Canada: criteria for recognition of transgressively incised shoreface complexes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69: 876-892.
Mangano, M. G., Buatois, L. A (2004) Ichnology of Carboniferous tide-influenced environments and tidal flat variability in North American Midcontinent. In: McIlroy, d. (Ed.), The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 228.
Mangano, M. G., Droser, M (2004) The ichnologic record of the Ordovician radiation, 369-379.
M'cov, F (1850) On some genera and species of Silurian Radiata in the collection of the University of Cambridge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2: 270-290.
Metz, R (2022) Cruziana and Helminthopsis in fluvial deposits of the uppermost Stocklin formation (Late Triassic), west-central New Jersey. Ichnos, 29:76-83, http//doi.org.10.1080/10420940.2019.1697259.
Miall, A. D (1985) Architectural-elements anlaysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth Sci. Rev., 22: 261-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(85)90001-7.
Mohammadkhani, H., Hosseini-Barzi, M., Sadeghi, A., Pomar, L (2022) Middle Miocene short-lived Tethyan seaway through the Zagros foreland basin: Facies analysis and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate deposits of Mishan Formation, Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology, Available online 18 March 2022, 16p, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105649.
 Mohamadian, H., Mahmudy- Gharaie, M., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi- Harami, R., Bayetgol, A (2012) Relation between shell beds and trace fossils of the Albian-Cenomanian Aitamir Formation in Amirabad anticline- northeast Mashhad, Journal of stratigraphy and sedimentology researches, 47: 1-24. (in Persian).
Murchison, R. I (1839) Founded on geological researchers in the counties of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, Caermarthen, Brecon, Pembroke, Montmouth, Gloucester, Worcester, and Standford, with descriptions of the coal-fields and overlying formations. Vice-President of the Geological Society, London, 729p.
Motiei, H (1993) Stratigraphy of Zagros, Treatise on the Geology of Iran. Geology Survey of Iran, 583p (In Persian).
Mutti, M., Hallock, P (2003) Carbonate systems along nutrient and temperature gradients: some sedimentological and geochemical constraints. Int. J. Earth Sci., 92: 465-475, http://doi.org.0.1007/s00531-003-0350-y.
Myrow, P (1995( Thalassinoides and enigma of Early Paleozoic open-framework burrow systems. Palaios, 10: 58-74.
Nichols, G (2009) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 419p.
Nicholson, H. A (1873) Contributions to the study of the errant annelides of the older Palaeozoic rocks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 21: 288-290.
Niu, Y., Marshal, J., Song, H., Hu, B (2020) Ichnofabrics and their roles in the modification of petrophysical properties: a case study of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, northwest Henan Province, China. Sediment. Geol., 409: 1-13, http://doi.org.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105773.
Pak, R., Pemberton, S. G (2003) Ichnology of the Yeoman Formation of southern Saskatchewan - preliminary report. in Summary of Investigations, Volume 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Sask. Industry Resources, Misc. Rep., 1-16.
Pemberton, S. G., Frey, R. W (1982) Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma. J. Paleont., 56: 843-881.
Pirouz, M., Simpson, G., Castelltort, S., Gorin, G., Bahroudi, A (2016) Controls on the sequence stratigraphic architecture of the Neogene Zagros foreland basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap, 25 (12): http://doi.org. 10.1130/2016.2525.
Plink-Bjorklund, P (2005) Stacked fluvial and tide-dominated estuarine deposits in high-frequency (fourth-order) sequences of the Eocene Central Basin, Spitsbergen. Sedimentology, 52: 391-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00703.x.
Pomar, L., Brandano, M., Westphal, H (2004) Environmental factors influencing skeletal grain sediment associations: a critical review of Miocene examples from the western Mediterranean. Sedimentology, 51: 627-651.
Rahmani, Z., Vaziri Moghaddam, H., Taheri, A (2010) Facies distribution and paleoecology of the Guri member of the Mishan formation in Lar area, fars province, SW Iran. Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction A, 34: 36-48, http://doi.org. 10.22099/IJSTS.2010.2193.
Rieth, A (1932) Neue Funde spongeliomorpher Fucoiden aus dem Jura Schwabens. Geologisch Paläontologisches Abhandlungen Jena, 19: 257-294.
Sharafi, M., Rodriguez, F., Janocko, J., Bayet-Goll., A (2021a) Environmental significance of trace fossil assemblages in a tide-wave-dominated shallow marine carbonate system (lower cretaceous, northen Neo-Tethys margin, Kopet-Dagh Basin Iran. International journal of earth sciences, 111: 103-126.
Sharafi, M., Rodriguez-Tovar, F. J., Bayet-Goll, A., Richianio, S (2021b) Ichnofabric analysis of shallow to deep marine Carboniferous sediments, from the southern Paleotethys margin, Alborz Basin (northern Iran). Historical Biology, 10: 2000-2019. http://doi.org. 10.1080/08912963.2021.1996572.
Shinn, E. A (1983) Birdseyes, fenestrate, shrinkage pores and loferites: A reevaluation. Sediment Petrology, 53: 619-628.
Sun, J., Sheykh, M., Ahmadi, N., Cao, M., Zhang, Z., Tian, S., Sha, J., Jian, Z., Windley, B. F., Talebian, M (2021) Permanent closure of the Tethyan Seaway in the northwestern Iranian Plateau driven by cyclic sea-level fluctuations in Miocene. Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol, http://doi.org.564, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110172.
Taylor, A., Goldring, R (1993) Description and analysis of bioturbation & ichnofabric. Journal of the Geological Society (London), 150: 141-148.
Uchman, A (1995) Taxonomy and palaeoecotogy of flysch trace fossils: The Marnoso-arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy), Wfirzburg, 114p.
Uchman, A (1998) Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: a revision of the Marian Książkiewicz collection and studies of complementary material. Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol., 68: 105-218.
Yazdi, M., Bahrami, A., Abbasi, P., Sadegi, R., Vegga, F. G (2013) Miocen brachyuran crustacean from Konar-Takhteh and Ahram sections, southwestern Iran. Boletin de la sociedad geologica Mexicana, Version impresa ISSN, https://doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2013V65N2A4.
Zohdi, A., Moallemi, S. A., Salehi, M. A (2018) Depositional and post-depositional history of the Guri Member in the souyh, east of Zagros sedimenyrty basin. Geosciences, 27: 129-142, https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2018.58327 (in persian).